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Joseph Leidy, one of the great American scientists of the 19th century, possessed a vast knowledge of the natural world. Best known as the Father of American vertebrate paleontology, he also pioneered the fields of parasitology and protozoology, and was the preeminent anatomist of his time. He was also an influential teacher of natural history and an expert in areas as diverse as entomology, geology and pathology. Leidy was a passionate advocate of employing the microscope in scientific research. He was first introduced to the tool by his medical school mentor, Dr. Paul Goddard and he emphasized its usefulness to his own students. In his research Leidy used the microscope to examine a wide range of subjects, including fossils, gems, parasites, forensic medicine and human tissues. Notable among his microscopic studies are his 1848 study on the microstructure of the liver, his 1853 parasitology monograph ("Flora and Fauna within Living Animals"), his 1879 protozoology monograph ("Fresh-Water Rhizopods of North America") and his study of endosymbionts in termites ("The Parasites of the Termites"). Joseph Leidy's contribution to American parasitology is perhaps second only to his contribution to vertebrate paleontology. Although several European scientists were active during the 19th century, Leidy was essentially the only American researcher in the field. His work was highly regarded in Europe, but it wasn't until the early part of the 20th century that it was broadly appreciated by his American peers. Leidy's parasitological studies were concentrated into two separate periods. The first period (1846-1858) began early in Leidy's scientific career, while the second (1874-1891) occupied the latter part. In between, Leidy's efforts were concentrated on Vertebrate Paleontology. Early studies included many short articles and notices covering parasites from a wide variety of animals, such as dogs and pigs. In 1874, after nearly 16 years during which his efforts were devoted to paleontology, Leidy resumed his studies in parasitology, and published longer articles on the tapeworms in birds, parasites of shad and herring, leeches and the symbionts of termites. Curious about the diet of a common termite, Joseph Leidy collected some of them and examined the brownish material from their gut under the microscope. He wrote of his astonishment of finding it full to be made up predominately of parasites. Leidy published his findings, "The Parasites of the Termites", as a scholarly paper in the Journal of The Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 1881. The only other references to termite parasites Leidy could find were some short passages in a monograph on termites by the French scientist Lespes in 1856. Leidy's report was the first detailed examination and description of termite endosymbionts. He recorded a total of eight species, several of which were new to science. "Fresh-Water Rhizopods of North America" was Joseph Leidy's last monograph (he continued to write shorter publications, primarily on parasites.) It contained 324 pages and 48 lithographic plates. Leidy limited his monograph to free-living, non-parasitic freshwater forms. Most of his rhizopods were collected from marshes, ponds and streams near Philadelphia, but others were collected from elsewhere in Pennsylvania and New Jersey, as well as from Connecticut, Rhode Island, the Bridger Basin (southwestern Wyoming) and in the vicinity of the Bay of Fundy in Canada. Leidy expressed considerable frustration with the illustrations that graced his book. He made the original drawings (later copied to make the lithographic plates), but regarded them as inadequate for representing the minature marvels he saw in the microscope. He was captivated by their complex movements, variable colors and ever-changing shapes. Although Leidy was unsatisfied, the illustrations were cherished by others. Some of the drawings were preserved in bound volumes by Leidy's colleague and friend Joseph Willcox. Herbert S. Jennings, a leading American zoologist of the early 20th century, regarded Leidy as a scientific artist. He also regarded "Fresh-water Rhizopods of North America" as a "masterpiece" and " a section of nature permanently presented to us." This collection contains 211 drawings by Leidy: 27 drawings of termite parasites, 177 drawings of Rhizopods, 4 drawings of human cerebrum, 2 teaching diagrams (of protozoa and Lucanus cervus), a pencil drawing of his home on Filbert Street in Philadelphia, and a sketchbook filled with 14 pages of 65 sketches of shells, done by Leidy at the age of 10. Leidy's drawings were done in pencil, many include watercolor, and a few include ink. All drawings include Leidy's notes in pencil or pen, and many are dated. Most drawings measure 14 x 12 cm., while the teaching charts measure 45 x 59 cm. - 49 x 62 cm., and the sketchbook 16 x 10 cm. Many of the drawings are included in Leidy's paper "The Parasites of the Termites" and monograph "Fresh Water Rhizopods of North America." Information on reproduction rights and services available in the library or on the Cite as: Collection 3. Joseph Leidy Illustrations. Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. Parasites of the termites gift of Benjamin Sharp, March 2, 1906. Folder 2, Rhizopods presented by Dr. G.A. Piersol, Feb. 10, 1919. Folder 9, Rhizopods and cebrum drawings presented by Mrs. W. Morgan Churchman, 1955. Undefined items presented by Joseph Leidy II, 1940, the Frank J. Keeley estate, 1952, and E.J. Nolan, 1923. Folder 2, Rhizopods presented by Mrs. Leidy to G.A. Piersol, 1893. Folder 3, Rhizopods accompanied with a note: "These sketches, made by Dr. Joseph Leidy, were given to me by Mrs. Leidy after the death of her husband. Philada Dec. 31, 1895. Joseph Willcox".
Finding aid by Mary Hammer, 2002; digitizing 2003.
Includes the cover from a stationary box of John Wanamaker linen paper, dated 1889. Some sketches were made on the back of invitations to the Saturday Club and Biological club, others were made on the backs of cards for organizations: Procter & Coates, Sanitarium for the Care of Sick Poor Children, and one folded broadside of the Biological lectures at Marine Biological laboratory. All sketches include notes in pen or pencil on the recto and some on the verso; many drawings are dated. Notes include microscope strenght, measurements of the parasite, stage of advancement, questions, and observations. Also includes a sketch of Erythrops. Recto Verso Recto Verso Makes up half of item 12. Makes up half of item 11. Recto Verso Recto Verso Recto Verso Recto Verso Recto Verso Recto Verso Recto Verso Recto Verso Folded. Recto Verso Recto Verso Recto Verso Recto Verso All drawings include notes in pen or pencil on the recto and some on the verso; many drawings are dated. Notes usually include measurements and colors of the rhizopods, along with general observations. Original figures for the
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All drawings include notes in pen or pencil on the recto and some on the verso; many drawings are dated. Notes usually include measurements and colors of the rhizopods, along with general observations.
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All drawings include notes in pen or pencil on the recto and some on the verso; many drawings are dated. Notes usually include measurements and colors of the rhizopods, along with general observations. Some drawings are on the verso of invitations to the Saturday Club.
Accompanied by a note in Helen West Leidy's hand: "Drawings of Uncle Joe. Helen West Leidy".
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Includes numbered and labeled figures. Probably a teaching chart.
"Dr. Wenrich probably not Leidy's" -- pencilled on verso.
Leidy's residence.
14 pages contain 65 sketches of shells, drawn by Leidy at the age of 10. Leidy numbered and labeled each sketch, giving items both common and scientific names. Verso of pages include less developed sketches of the following pages. Titles are as given by Leidy.
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Leidy has labeled marbled areas of back cover as various body parts (i.e. kidneys, ears, eyes, knees).
Cover back, verso
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Verso (2) includes light pencil sketches of item 3.
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Verso (26) includes light pencil sketches of geometric shapes.
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Verso (30) includes light pencil sketches of geometric shapes.
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Verso (32) includes light pencil sketches of geometric shapes.
Four drawings of the human cerebrum, areas of the brain have been numbered and labeled by Leidy in pencil.
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Depicts the adult, larva and pupa of the deer beetle.