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Andrew Garrett Watercolors of Slugs1863-1879
Ewell Sale Stewart Library
Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia
2002
EAD tagging 07/16/2002.
ENG
Andrew Garrett Watercolors of Slugs
Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia
07/16/2002Cataloging and digitizing made possible by The Getty Grant Program.
Coll. 403
Garrett, Andrew
Watercolors of slugs1863-1879
20 watercolors
Ewell Sale Stewart Library, Academy of Natural Sciences
1900 Benjamin Franklin Parkway
Philadelphia, PA 19103-1195
Andrew Garrett, 1823-1887, was an American explorer, self taught naturalist and artist specializing in malacology and ichthyology. Many of his works are considered classics, including his multi-volumed catalog Fische der Sundsee, and particularly his "Terrestrial Mollusca Inhabiting the Society Islands" (JANSP 9: 17-114), which formed the basis for the important work of Hartman and Crampton. This collection includes 20 watercolors of slugs, collected and drawn from life by Andrew Garrett. Eighteen of the illustrations were made for a 2 part article by W. Harper Pease entitled: "Descriptions of New Species of Nudibranchiate Mollusca Inhabiting Polynesia" (American Journal of Conchology, 1871-1872).
Andrew Garrett, 1823-1887, an American explorer and self taught naturalist and artist specializing in malacology and ichthyology, went to sea as a sailor at the age of 16 for three years. Later he became a crew member to various whaling vessels, traveling extensively. During his travels, Hawaii particularly appealed to him, and in the Spring of 1852 Garrett returned to Hawaii where he remained for seven years. By this time, Garrett was an ardent shell collector, but lacked scientific training. Hence, he learned Latin, taught himself to draw and paint, and compiled his own conchological library (now in the Bernice Pauahi Bishop Museum in Honolulu).
In 1855 Garrett proposed an arrangement to Louis Agassiz, professor at Harvard and founder of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, whereby he would be a collector for the Harvard institution. As a result, James M. Barnard (a Boston merchant and amateur naturalist), donated money for Garrett to act as a field representative for eight years. On his return from a trip to the Society Islands in 1857, he became associated with and was employed by another conchologist, William Harper Pease (1823-1870). A resident of Honolulu, Pease was a land surveyor, assessor of the City of Honolulu, and Commissioner of Water Rights. He had an extensive collection of Hawaiian shells an extremely valuable library of rare books. The two collaborated on several works: Pease sponsored Garrett's trips, and Garrett sent Pease descriptions of his living specimens and drawings of shells for Pease's papers.
From July to October, 1858, Garrett lived on the island of Kauai, probably collecting for Agassiz and Pease. In this same year, Pease and Garrett contemplated opening a shell store in Honolulu. Between 1859 and 1863 he explored the Kingsmill Islands, and then seems to have explored every nook and cranny of the Society Islands, including Tahiti, Moorea, Huahine, Tahaa, and Bora Bora. In 1863 he worked identifying shells and fishes for the California Academy of Sciences, and between 1863 and 1866, Pease continued to sponsor Garrett's trips, in particular for drawings and descriptions of nudibranchs for inclusion of numerous papers Pease was writing. By 1866 Garrett was established in Samoa and collecting on the Islands of Upolo and Savaii. He established a permanent residence on Huahine in 1870, and lived there for the rest of his life. It was during this time in Huahine that Garrett worked on finishing and perfecting his drawings and descriptions, and published the bulk of his papers.
Garrett published about 24 scientific papers in publications such as the
Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, the Journal of Conchyliogie in Paris and Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London. Many of his works are considered classics, including his multi-volumed catalog Fische der Sundsee, and particularly his "Terrestrial Mollusca Inhabiting the Society Islands" (JANSP 9: 17-114), which formed the basis for the important work of Hartman and Crampton. Unfortunately, much of Garrett's important pioneer efforts in the field of marine biology were published by other authors, and due credit was not always given to him. Garrett's private collection, consisting of 8,000 species and 30,000 specimens, was acquired by the Bernice Pauahi Bishop Museum sometime between 1893 and 1899.
This collection includes 20 watercolors of slugs, collected and drawn from life by Andrew Garrett. Eighteen of the illustrations were made for a 2 part article by W. Harper Pease entitled: "Descriptions of New Species of Nudibranchiate Mollusca Inhabiting Polynesia"
(American Journal of Conchology, 1871-1872). The illustrations vary in size, the smallest 6 x 11 cm. and the largest 11 x 20 cm. Titles are the scientific names as given ca. 1870, and may no longer be correct. Nineteen of the works are undated, but it is assumed that they were made either between 1863 and 1866, while Garrett was collecting for Pease's papers on nudibranchs, or in 1870, while Garrett lived on Huahine, perfecting and finishing the descriptions and drawings of the specimens he had gathered in his travels. Notes on verso are in an unidentified hand.
Organized into 3 series:
- Plates 19-22 for American Journal of Conchology 6 (1871)
- Plates 3-5 for American Journal of Conchology 7 (1872)
- Miscellaneous
Slugs (Mollusks)Slugs (Mollusks)--PolynesiaPeriodical illustrations--19th century
Watercolors--19th centuryScientific illustrations--19th centuryIllustrations--19th century
Information on reproduction rights and services available in the library or on the web at http://www.ansp.org/library/reproductions.php.
Cite as: Collection 403. Andrew Garrett Illustrations. Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia.
Transferred to the Academy archives from the Malacology Department by R. Tucker Abbott, January 16, 1962.
Finding aid by Mary Hammer, 2002; digitizing by Edward LeBlanc, 2003.
Pease, W. Harper. "Descriptions of Nudibranchiate Mollusca Inhabiting Polynesia." American Journal of Conchology 6 (1871): 299-305.
Pease, W. Harper. "Descriptions of New Species of Nudibranchiate Mollusca Inhabiting Polynesia, no. 2." American Journal of Conchology 7 (1872): 11-19.
Thomas, W. Stephen. "A Biography of Andrew Garrett, Early Naturalist of Polynesia." The Nautilus 93 (1979): 15-28, 96-102.
Plates 19-22 for American Journal of Conchology 6 (1871)
Plate 19.1Doriopsis viridis. 1 drawing : watercolor on cardstock ; 6 x 11 cm. Depicts 4 views of the slug.
Plate 19.2Doriopsis scabra. 1 drawing : watercolor on cardstock ; 6 x 12 cm. Platydoris scabra?
Depicts 4 views of the slug and its environment, numbered 2a-2d.
Verso includes note in pencil: "p 72 no 567,"
Plate 19.3Triopa gracilis. 1 drawing : watercolor on cardstock ; 10 x 16 cm. Depicts 5 views of the slug and its environment, lettered a-e.
Verso includes penciled note: "I think best to not engrave fig. b, as the foot & mouth are well represented in fig. c."
Plate 20.1Trevelyana picta. 1 drawing : watercolor on cardstock ; 8 x 12 cm. Depicts 2 views of the slug, numbered 2c and 2d.
Plate 20.2Goniobranchus albomaculatus. 1 drawing : watercolor on cardstock ; 9 x 13 cm. Depicts 4 views of the slug, numbered 1a-1d.
Verso includes note in pencil: "P 95. 18" and "fig 1c, enlarged view of cervical tentacles should be fine[?] lamellate, slightly oblique. I would leave out the enlarged branchia fig 1a.
Plate 20.3Bornella arborescens. 1 drawing : watercolor on cardstock ; 10 x 13 cm. Depicts 4 views of the slug, numbered 1a-1d.
Verso includes note in pencil: "P 61. no 552". "perhaps the bronchial processes are too much enlarged."
Plate 21.1Placobranchus gracilis. 1 drawing : watercolor on cardstock ; 8 x 13 cm. Depicts 2 views of the slug.
Verso includes note in pencil: "P 95. no 600".
Plate 21.2Placobranchus variegatus. 1 drawing : watercolor on cardstock ; 9 x 13 cm. Depicts 3 views of the slug.
Verso includes note in pencil: "P 53. no 545".
Plate 21.3Pterogasteron marginatus. 1 drawing : watercolor on cardstock ; irreg. image 8 x 13 cm. Depicts 2 views of the slug.
Verso includes note in pencil: "P 5. no 353".
Plate 22.1Pterogasteron rufescens. 1 drawing : watercolor on cardstock ; 9 x 13 cm. Depicts 4 views of the slug, numbered 3a-3d.
Verso includes note in pencil: "P 93. no 598".
Plate 22.2Plerogasteron nigropunctatus. 1 drawing : watercolor on cardstock ; 8 x 13 cm. Depicts 4 views of the slug, numbered 1a-1d.
Verso includes note in pencil: "p 78".
Plates 3-5 for American Journal of Conchology 7 (1872)
Plate 3.1Doris villosa. 1 drawing : watercolor on cardstock ; 11 x 20 cm. Depicts 4 views of the slug and its environment, lettered a-d.
Verso includes a pencil sketch of a plant.
Plate 3.2Doris rubrilineata.1 drawing : watercolor on cardstock ; irreg. image 6 x 10 cm. Depicts 3 views of the slug, numbered 2a-2c.
Plate 4.1Doris compta. 1 drawing : watercolor on cardstock ; 7 x 12 cm. Depicts 4 views of the slug and its environment.
Plate 4.2Doris sordida. 1 drawing : watercolor on cardstock ; 6 x 12 cm. Depicts 4 views of the slug and its environment, numbered 2a-2d.
Verso includes penciled note: "Branchial plumides[?] to be finished as commenced.
Plate 4.3Doris fuscescens. 1 drawing : watercolor on cardstock ; 7 x 12 cm. Depicts 4 views of the slug and its environment, numbered 1a-1d.
Verso includes penciled note: "The whole upper surface, to be covered with small round rings or papillar, as commenced & Camillae on enlarged tentacle, extended to top".
Plate 5.1Doris cinerosa. 1 drawing : watercolor on cardstock ; 5 x 11 cm. Depicts 4 views of the slug and its environment, numbered 3a-3d.
Plate 5.2 Doris debilis. 1 drawing : watercolor on cardstock ; 11 x 19 cm. Depicts 3 views of the slug.
Miscellaneous
1[Untitled], 1879. 1 drawing : watercolor on cardstock ; 13 x 17 cm. Depicts 4 views of the slug.
Verso includes penciled note: "Garrett. Proc ANS 1879". While Garrett did publish 2 papers in this volume of
The Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, the illustration does not appear. ("List of Land Shells inhabiting Rurutu, one of the Austral Islands" and "Description of a New Species of Goniobranchus.")
2Pleurobranchus grandis. 1 drawing : watercolor on cardstock ; 12 x 17 cm. Depicts ventral view of the slug.